Drugs in Motion Intro
Welcome to Drugs in Motion where we show you what drug mechanisms look like.
Absorption and Distribution
See how the drug gets to the site of action.
Diuretics
CARBONIC ANHYDROUS INHIBITORS: Acetazolamide
LOOP DIURETICS: Furosemide, Torsemide, Bumetanide, Ethacrynic Acid
THIAZIDES: Hydrochlorothiazide, Indapamide, Metolzaone, Chlorthalidone, Chlorothiazide
POTASSIUM SPARING: Triamterene, Amiloride
ALDOSTERONE ANTAGONISTS: Spironolactone, Eplerenone.
Notable Side Effects
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors: Metabolic Acidosis and Paresthesias
Loop Diuretics: HyPOnatremia, HyPOkalemia, and Ototoxicity
Thiazides: HyPOnatremia, HyPOkalemia, and HyPERglycemia
Potassium Sparing Diuretics: HyPERkalemia and Kidney Stones
Aldosterone Antagonists: HyPERkalemia, impotence, and gynecomastia
ACE Inhibitors - Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
ACE Inhibitors: Benazepril, Captopril, Enalapril, Fosinopril, Lisinopril, Moexepril, Preindopril, Quinapril, Ramiprl, Trandolopril
Notable Side Effects: Cough, HyPERkalemia, Acute Renal Failure
ARBs - Angiotensin Receptor Blockers
ARBs: Azilsartan, Candesartan, Eprosartan, Irbesartan, Losartan, Olmesartan, Telmisartan, Valsartan
Notable Side Effect: HyPERkalemia
CCBs - Calcium Channel Blockers
Non-Dihydropyridine CCBs: Diltiazem and Verapamil
Dihydropyridine CCBs: Amlodipine, Clevdipine, Felodipine, Isardipine, Nicardipine, Nifedipine, Nimodipine, Nisoldipine
Notable Side Effects
Nondihyropyridines: Heart block, Edema, bradycardia
Dihydropyridines: Palpitations, Flushing, Edema
Beta Blockers
Selective B1 Beta Blockers: Acebutolol, Atenolol, Betaxolol, Bisoprolol, Esmolol, Metoprolol, Nebivolol
Nonselective B1/B2 Beta Blockers: Carteolol, Carvediolol, Labetalol, Nadolol, Penbutolol, Pindolol, Propranolol, Sotalol, Timolol
Notable Side Effects: Bradycardia, HyPOtension, Heart Block, Heart Failure
Digoxin
Notable Side Effects: Bradycardia, Anorexia
Digoxin toxicity: Nausea, Vertigo, Vomiting, Fatigue, Malaise, Blurred vision, Yellow Vision, Arrythmia, Heart Block
Alpha Blockers
Alpha Blockers: Doxazosin, Prazosin, Terazosin (Carvediolol and Labetalol have both alpha and beta blocker activity)
Notable Side Effects: Orthostatic HyPOtension, Dizziness, Syncope, Fluid Retention
Class III Antiarrhythmics
Class III Antiarrhythmics: Amiodarone, Dofetilide, Dronedarone, Ibutilide, and Sotalol
Notable Side Effects: QT Prolongation/Torades de Pointes, Bradycardia, Heart Failure, Pulmonary Toxicity
Class I Antiarrhythmics
Class Ia: Disopyramide, Procainamide, and Quinidine
Class Ib: Lidocaine and Mexiletine
Class Ic: Flecainide, Moricizine, and Propafenone
Notable Side Effects: QT Prolongation/Torades de Pointes, Bradycardia, Heart Failure, Pulmonary Toxicity
Nitrates
Nitrates: Isosorbide Dinitrate, Isosorbide Mononitrate, Nitroglycerin, and Sodium Nitroprusside
Notable Side Effects: Severe HyPOtension, Postural HyPOtension, Headache, Lightheadedness
Sympathomimetics
Sympathomimetics: Dobutamine, Dopamine, Ephedrine, Epinepherine, Norpinephrine, Phenylephrine
Notable Side Effects: HyPERtension, Arrhythmias, Mycoardial Infarction, Stroke
Hydralazine
Notable Side Effects: HyPOtension, Headache, Anorexia
Vasopressin
Notable Side Effects: Heart Failure, Bradycardia, Arrhythmia
Statins
Statins: Atorvastatin, Fluvastatin, Lovastatin, Pitavastatin, Pravastatin, Rosuvastatin, Simvastatin
Notable Side Effects: Rhabdomyolsis, Liver enzyme (LFT) abnormalities, Muscle pain
Bile Acid Sequestrants
Bile Acid Sequestrants: Cholestyramine, Colesevelam, Colestipol
Notable Side Effects: Constipation, Diarrhea, Bloating, Flatulence, Vitamin A, D, K, and folic acid deficiency
Niacin
Notable Side Effects: Flushing, Hepatotoxicity, Liver enzyme (LFT) abnormalities, Rhabdomyolysis
Fibrates
Fibrates: Fenofibrate, Fenofibric Acid, Gemfibrozil
Notable Side Effects: Myopathy, Gallstones, Stomach Pain, Rhabdomyolysis
Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitors
Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitors: Ezetimibe
Notable Side Effects: LFT abnormalities, Rhabdomyolysis, Myopathy
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors for Myasthenia Gravis: Pyridostigmine
Notable Side Effects: Retroperitoneal fibrosis/Retropulmonary fibrosis, Left side cardiac valve dysfunction
Non Depolarizing Neuromuscular Blockers
Non-Depolarizing Neuromuscular Blockers: Atacurium,Doxacurium, Cisatracurium, Vecuronium, Rocuronium, Pancuronium
Notable Side Effects: Paralysis, Hypotension, Paralysis of Diaphragm, Flushing, Tachycardia, Malignant Hyperthermia
Depolarizing Neuromuscular Blockers
Depolarizing Neuromuscular Blockers: Succinylcholine
Notable Side Effects: Paralysis, Hypotension, Paralysis of Diaphragm, Flushing, Tachycardia, HyPERkalemia, Malignant Hyperthermia
Ketamine
Notable Side Effects: Increased intracranial pressure, Hallucinations, Delirium, Nystagmus, Spontaneous limb movement
Propofol
Notable Side Effects: Burning and Stinging, Apnea, Bradycardia, HyPOtension
Etomidate
Notable Side Effects: Transient venous pain, Transient skeletal muscle movements, HyPOtension, Apnea, Laryngospasm
Local Anesthetics Sodium Channel Blockers
Local Anesthetics: Cocaine, Benzocaine, Bupivicaine, Dibucaine, Lidocaine, Mepivicaine, Pramoxine, Prilocaine, Procaine, Ropivacaine, Tetracaine
Notable Side Effects: Parasthesia, Tinnitus, Metallic taste, Arrhythmia, Methemoglobinemia
Barbiturates
Barbiturates: Butabarbital, Butalbital, Methohexital, Pentobarbital, Phenobarbital, Primidone, Secobarbital
Notable Side Effects: Fetal Withdrawal Syndrome, Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, Tolerance and Dependance
Benzodiazepines
Benzodiazepines: Alprazolam, Chlordiazepoxide, Clobazam, Clonazepam, Clorazepate, Diazepam, Estazolam, Flurazepam, Lorazepam, Midazolam, Oxazepam, Temazepam, Triazolam
Benzodiazepine-like drugs: Zolpidem, Zaleplon
Notable Side Effects: Drowsiness, Dizziness, Erectile Dysfunction, Anterograde amnesia, Tolerance and Dependance
Withdrawl Symptoms: Insomnia, Gastrointestinal issues, Tremors, Agitation, Muscle Spasms
Triptans
Triptans: Almotriptan, Eletriptan, Frovatriptan, Naratriptan, Rizatriptan, Sumatriptan, Zolmitriptan
Notable Side Effects: Well tolerated. Parasthesia, Warm/Cold sensation, Chest pain, Vertigo, Fatigue
Anticonvulsants: Sodium Channel Blockers
Hydantoins: Phenytoin, Fosphenytoin
Iminostilbenes: Carbamazepine, Oxcarbazepine, Eslicarbazepine
Lamotrigine, Lacosamide, Rufinamide
Notable Side Effects
Hydantoins: Hepatotoxicity, Bone marrow suppression, Toxic Epidermal Necrosis (TEN), Hirsutism, Arrythmias, Gingival Hyperplasia
Iminostilbenes: Drowsiness, Vertigo, Aplastic Anemia, Agranulocytosis, HyPOnatremia
Lamotrigine: Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, DRESS Syndrome, Toxic Epidermal Necrosis (TEN), Dizziness, Ataxia, Blurred Vision
Lacosamide: Dizziness, Ataxia, Diplopia, Blurred Vision
Rufinamide: QT shortening, Somnolence, Fatigue, Dizziness
Valproic Acid Derivatives
Valproic Acid Derivatives: Valproic Acid, Divalproex
Notable Side Effects: Hepatotoxicity, Pancreatitis, Fetal Abnormalities, Encephalopathy
Succinimides
Succinimides: Ethosuximide, Methsuximide
Notable Side Effects: Blood Dyscrasias, Abnormal Liver Function Test, Suicidal Ideation, Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, DRESS Syndrome
Vigabatrin
Notable Side Effects: Drowsiness, Diplopia, Vision loss, Psychosis, Weight gain, Neurotoxicity, Fatigue
Gabapentin and Pregabalin
Notable Side Effects: Well Tolerated. Somnolence, Dizziness, Fatigue
Topiramate
Notable Side Effects: Dizziness, Parasthesia, Somnolence, Fatigue, Weight loss
Levetiracetam and Brivaracetam
Notable Side Effects: Well Tolerated. Somnolence, Asthenia, Dizziness
Tiagabine
Notable Side Effects: Dizziness, Somnolence, Tremor, Memory impairment, Aphasia
Zonisamide
Notable Side Effects: Well Tolerated. Somnolence, Ataxia, Anorexia, Fatigue, Diplopia
Perampanel
Notable Side Effects: Psychiatric and Behavioral changes, Dizziness, Suicidal Ideation, DRESS syndrome, Somnolence
Ezogabine
Notable Side Effects: Retinal abnormalities and Vision loss, Urinary retention, Skin discoloration, Dizziness, Somnolence, Fatigue
Carbidopa and Levodopa
Notable Side Effects: "Weaning off" effect, "On-Off"phenomena, Nausea, Hallucinations, Orthostatic HyPOtension, Dyskinesias
Dopamine Receptor Agonists
Dopamine Receptor Agonists for Parkinson's Disease: Apomorphine, Bromocriptine, Pramipexole, Ropinorole, Rotigotine
Notable Side Effects: Asthenia, Hallucinations, Orthostatic HyPOtension, Dyskinesias, Extrapyramidal syndrome
COMT Inhibitors
COMT Inhibitors: Entacapone, Tolcapone
Notable Side Effects: Orthostatic HyPOtension, Vivid dreams, Hallucinations, Hepatotoxicity (Tolcapone), Dyskinisea, Diarrhea, Change in urine color
MAO Inhibitors
MAO Inhibitors for Parkinson's Disease: Selegeline, Rasagiline
Notable Side Effects: Well Tolerated. Dyskinesia, Nausea, Orthostatic HyPOtension, Abnormal dreams
Muscarinic Receptor Antagonists
Muscarninic Receptor Antagonists for Parkinson'sDisease: Benztropine, Diphenhydramine, Trihexyphenidyl
Notable Side Effects: Dry mouth, Blurred Vision, Urinary Retention, Tachycardia
Riluzole
Notable Side Effects: Hepatic Injury, Neutropenia, Interstitial Lung Disease, Asthenia, Nausea, Decreased Lung Function